ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the trend in life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HLE) and socio-economic inequalities by neighbourhood in Barcelona from the pre-pandemic period (2018-2019) to the pandemic period (2020-2021). METHOD: LE and HLE at birth were computed using the municipal register of inhabitants and quality of life (EuroQol) from the Barcelona Health Survey of 2016. Inequalities were assessed with the gap between quantiles of neighbourhood income. RESULTS: In 2020, there was a reduction in LE among men (-1.98 years) and women (-2.44) and in HLE among men (-1.44). Socio-economic inequalities in LE and HLE between neighbourhoods widened since 2019 to 2021 (LE: from 3.92 to 4.86 years for men, and from 1.30 to 3.60 for women; HLE: from 6.88 to 7.70 years for men, and from 7.85 to 9.31 for women). CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic has substantially reduced LE and HLE, with larger effects among low-income neighbourhoods, especially among women.
ABSTRACT
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) measures the quality of life a person expects to live. This study aims to find out the most associated factors of HALE at birth globally. The data of 212 countries came from the World Health Organization, Worldometer, World Bank, and United Nations. HALE at birth is considered as the dependent variable;and social, economic, and health factors are considered as the predictors. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression models were used as the statistical tools to reach the objective. The results revealed that HALE is found lower in Central African Republic and higher in Singapore. The highest death rate due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19), alcohol consumption rate, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rate, and average household size are found in Nicaragua, Moldova Republic, Eswatini, and Senegal, respectively. And the lowest recovery rate from COVID 19, and universal health coverage (UHC) service index are found in Tajikistan, and Montserrat, respectively. The recovery rate from COVID 19, UHC service index, gross domestic product (GDP), current health expenditure, tuberculosis (TB) incidence, tobacco smoking, HIV prevalence rate and average household size were significantly correlated with the HALE at birth. The multiple linear regression models identified that the UHC service index, alcohol consumption rate, HIV prevalence rate and average household size are the most associate factors of HALE at birth globally. Therefore, the necessary steps should be taken to maximize the UHC service index, and to minimize the alcohol consumption rate, HIV prevalence rate and average household size for increasing the HALE at birth in the world.